This page gives examples of prefixes and suffixes derived from classical languages that are currently used in science

Adapted from Dr Don Emmeluth’s webpages at Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah, Georgia, USA at http://www.angelfire.com/de/nestsite/modbiogreek.html

Latin and Greek Derivations

Many of these combining forms may be used as either prefixes or suffixes. They are listed here, in alphabetical order, first those most commonly used as prefixes, then those commonly used as suffixes. Examples show current usage.

Prefixes

Derived From

Meaning

Example

a-, ab-

Latin

off, from, down, away

abduct, avert

a-, an-

Greek  

not, without, less

abiotic, anaerobic

actin-

Greek aktis

a ray, beam, spoke

actin, actinomycete

ad-

Latin

to, attached to

adsorption

aer-

Greek

air

aerobic

amphi-

Greek

both, about, around

amphibian

ana-

Latin

away, through, again

analysis

andro-

Greek

man, male

androgens

angio-

Greek

a vessel, closed container

angiospermae

anthropo-

Greek

referring to man

anthropology

ant-, anti-

Greek

against, away, opposite

antibiosis

ante-

Latin

before

anteroom

ap-, aph-, apo-

Latin

from, off, separate

apogee

aqua-

Latin

water

aquatic

arche-, archeo-

Greek

ancient, primitive

archeology

arthri-, arthro-

Greek arthron

joint, jointed

arthritis, arthrospore

asco-

Greek askos

bag, sack, bladder

ascospore

aureo-

Latin aureus

gold coloured

aureomycin

auto-

Greek autos

self

autoimmune

 

Prefixes

Derived From

Meaning

Example

bi-

Latin

two, twice, double

bipolar, binocular

bio-, bios-

Greek

related to life

biology, biocidal

blasto-

Greek blastos

an embryonic layer or cell

blastomere

brachy-

Greek

short

brachycephalic

brad-, brady-

Greek

slow, slowness

bradycardia

bry-, bryo-

Greek bryon

moss, mossy

bryophyte

calic-, calix-

Latin

cup-like

calyx

cani-, canis-

Latin

dog

canine

cardia-

Greek kardia

heart

cardiac

carn-

Latin carnis

flesh

carnivore

carp-

Latin carpalis

wrist, bones

carpel

cata-

Greek

decomposition, degradation

catabolism

cell-

Latin cella

small room

cellular

cephal-

Latin

head

cephalic

chloro-

Greek chloros

green, containing chloride

chlorophyll

chroma-, chromo-

Greek

coloured

chromosome

chron-, chrono

Greek chronos

time

chronometer

circum-

Latin

around, near, about

circumnavigate

coel-

Greek koilos

hollow cavity, belly

coelom

col-, com-, con-

Latin

with, together

combine, collide

contra-

Latin

against

contradict

crypto-

Greek kryptos

hidden

cryptogamic

cyano-

Greek kyanos

dark blue, blue-green

cyanobacteria

cyst-

Greek kystis

bladder

cystitis, cystidium

cyt-,cyte-,cyto-

Greek kytos

cell, a hollow vessel

cytology

de-

Latin

undoing, removal of, from

dehydration

den-, dent-

Latin dens

tooth

dentition

dendro-

Greek

tree

dendrochronology

derm-, derma-

Greek

skin, hide

dermatitis

deut-, deutero-

Greek

second, secondary

deuterium

di-

Greek

double, twice, two

disaccharide

dia-

Greek

through, across

diameter

diplo-

Greek

twofold, double

diploid

dis-

Latin

apart, away

dissolve

dorm-

Latin

to sleep

dormant, dormitory

drom-, drome-

Greek

a running, racing

dromedary

 

Prefixes

Derived From

Meaning

Example

e-, ec-

Latin

out, out of

efferent

eco-

Greek oikos

house, environment

ecology

ecto-

Greek ektos

outside

ectoderm

en-, endo-

Greek endon

within, internal

endoskeleton

entero-

Greek enteron

intestine

enterocolitis

entomo-

Greek entoma

insect

entomology

eo-, eos-

Greek

the dawn

Eocene, Eohippus

epi-

Greek

upon, above, top

epidermis

erythro-

Greek

red

erythrocyte

eu-

Greek

proper, true, good

Eukaryotic, eufungi

ex-

Latin

out, from

excise

exo-

Greek

outer, external

exoskeleton

extra-

Latin exter        

outside of, beyond

extracellular

flagell-

Latin flagrum

whip, whip-like

flagellum

fuc-, fuco-

Greek phyktos

seaweed, algae, lichen

fucoxanthin

gamo-

Greek gamos

sexual union

gamogenesis

gastero-,gastro-

Greek gaster

stomach, belly

gastroenteritis

geno-

Latin gene

origin, development

genotype

ge-, geo-

Greek

earth

geology

glu-, glyco-

Greek

sweet, sugar

glucose, glycogen

gon-,goni-,gono-

Greek

reproductive, sexual

gonorrhea

gymn-, gymno-

Greek gymnos

naked, bare

gymnosperm

gyn-,gyne-,gyno-

Greek

woman, female

gynecology

halo-

Greek hals

salt

halophile

haplo-

Greek haploos

single

haploid

heme-, hemo-

Greek haimo

blood

haematologist

hemi-

Greek

half

hemisphere

hepta-

Greek

seven

heptane

herb-

Latin herba

pertaining to plants

herbicide

hetero-

Greek

different, other, unlike

heterozygous

hex-, hexa-

Greek

six

hexagonal

hipp-, hippo-

Greek hippos

horse

hippodrome

histo-

Greek histos

tissue

histology

holo-

Greek holos

whole, entire

holoblastic

homeo, homo-

Greek

same, similar, like

homogeneous

hyal-, hyalo-

Greek hyalos

glassy, transparent

hyaloid

hydr-, hydro-

Greek

pertaining to water

hydrolysis

hyper-

Greek

above, more, over

hyperactive

hypo-

Greek

below, less, under

hypodermic

 

Prefixes

Derived From

Meaning

Example

ichthy-,ichthyo-

Greek

referring to fish

ichthyology

inter-

Latin

between

intercellular

intra-

Latin

within, inside

intracellular

intro-

Latin

inward, within

introvert

iso-

Greek

equal, same

isotonic

kine-

Greek

movement, moving

kinetics

leuc-, leuk-

Greek

white

leucocyte

lycan-

Greek lykos

wolf

lycanthropy

macro-

Greek

large, big, long

macromolecule

man-, manu-

Latin

hand

manual

mastig-

Greek mastigos

whip

mastigophora

meg-, mega-

Greek

great, large

megabyte

melan-,melano-

Greek

black, dark

melanin

mero-

Greek merus

part, piece

meroblast

mes-, meso-

Greek mesos

middle, in between

mesoderm

met-, meta-

Greek

later, following, changed in position or form

metamorphosis

micro-

Greek mikros

small

microbiology

milli-

Latin

a thousandth part

millimetre

mio-

Greek meion

less, smaller

Miocene

mito-

Greek mitos

thread

mitosis

mon-, mono-

Greek

one, single

monocular

morph-

Greek

shape, form

morphology

mor-, mort-

Latin

die, death

mortality

muc-, muco-

Latin

consisting of many units

multicellular

mus-

Latin

mouse, as one running

muscle

myco-, mykos-

Greek

fungus, mushroom

mycology

myo-

Greek mys

muscle

myoglobin

myxo-

Greek

slime, mucus

myxomycetes

nemato-

Greek

thread, threadlike

nematode

ob-

Latin

against

obtuse

octa-

Greek

eight

octopus

olig-, oligo-

Greek

few, small, less

oligarchy

omni-

Latin

all, everywhere

omnipotent

oo-

Greek

pertaining to an egg

oocyte

ophthalmo-

Greek

referring to the eye

ophthalmologist

opisth-,opistho-

Greek

behind, backwards, back

Opisthobranchia

orni-, ornitho-

Greek

bird

ornithology

orth-, ortho-

Greek

straight

orthodontist

osteo-

Greek

bone

osteocyte

oto-

Greek

referring to the ear

otology

ova-,ovi-,ovul-

Latin

egg

ovary, oviduct

 

Prefixes

Derived From

Meaning

Example

paleo-

Greek

old, ancient

paleontology

para-

Greek

beside, near, beyond

parasitism

path-, patho-

Greek

disease, suffer

pathogenic

ped-, pedi-

Latin

foot

pedicure

penna-, pinna-

Latin

feather, feathery

pinnate

pent-, penta-

Greek

five

pentagon

per-

Latin

through

pervade, peruse

peri-

Greek

around, surrounding

perimeter

pher-

Greek

bearing, carrying, support

pheromone

phil- philo-

Greek

loving, attracted to

philanthropy

phob-

Greek

fear, fearing

phobic

photo-

Greek

pertaining to light

photosynthesis

phyco-

Greek

seaweed, algae

phycology

phylo-

Greek

tribe, race, related group

phylogeny

phyto-

Greek

pertaining to plants

phytohormone

plasm-, plasma-

Greek

formative substance

plasmablasts

plati-, platy-

Greek

flat

platypus

pleio- pleo-

Greek

more, many

pleiomorphic

pod-,poda-,podi-

Greek

foot

podiatrist

poly-

Greek

many

polyhedron

post-

Latin

after

postnatal

pre-

Latin

before

prenatal

preter-

Latin

beyond

preterhuman

prim-

Latin

first

primary

pro-

Greek

before, on behalf of

proboscis

pro-

Latin

forward

progressive

proto-

Greek

first, primary

protozoa

pseudo-

Greek

false

pseudopod

psilo-

Greek

bare, mere

psilopsida

pteri-, ptero-

Greek

fern, feather

pteridophyte

quadr-, quadri-

Latin

four

quadruped

radi-

Latin

ray, spoke of wheel

radial

re-

Latin

back, again

repeat

retro-

Latin

backward

retroactive

rhiz-, rhizo-

Greek

pertaining to roots

rhizoids

rhod-, rhodo-

Greek

a rose, red

rhodopsin

rota-

Latin

wheel

rotate

 

Prefixes

Derived From

Meaning

Example

sapr-, sapro-

Greek

rotten, putrid, dead

saprobe

sarc-, sarco-

Greek

flesh, fleshy

sarcoma

schiz-, schizo-

Greek

split, splitting

schizophrenia

se-

Latin

apart

secede

semi-

Latin

half

semicircle

soma-, somato-

Greek

body

somatic

sperma-,spermato-

Greek

seed

spermatozoa

sporo-

Greek

spore

sporophyte

staphylo-

Greek

bunch of grapes

staphylococcus

stoma-

Greek

mouth

stomata

strepto-

Greek

twisted, string of

streptococcus

sub-

Latin

below, under, smaller

subapical

supra-, super-

Latin

above, over

supernova

sym-, syn-

Greek

together, with

synthesis

taxi-, taxo-

Greek

to make order, arrangement

taxonomy

tel-,tele-,telo-

Greek

distant, end

telophase

terra-, terre-

Latin

land, earth

terrestrial

tetra-

Greek

four

tetrapod

therm-, thermo-

Greek

heat

thermometer

thigmo-

Greek

touch

thigmotropism

trans-

Latin

across, through, over

transfer

tri-

Latin

three

triangle

tricho-

Greek

hair

trichogyne

triplo-

Latin

triple

triploid

troche-, trocho-

Greek

wheel, hoop

trochophore

tropho-

Greek

nourishment

trophoblast

ultra-

Latin

beyond, exceedingly

ultraconservative

uni-

Latin

consisting of one

unicellular

vice-

Latin

in place of

vice-president

vid-, vis-

Latin

see

vision

xen-, xeno-

Greek

dry, desert

xerophyte

zoo-

Greek

animal, life

zoology

zyg-, zygo-

Greek

to join together

zygote

 

Suffixes

Derived From

Meaning

Example

-biosis

Greek

mode of living, way of life

symbiosis

-blast

Greek

formative, embryonic

mesoblast

-chaeta-, -chete

Greek

a bristle

Polychaeta

-chrome

Greek

colour

cytochrome

-cidal, -cide

Latin

killer, a killing

fungicide

-cocci, -coccus

Greek

round, seed, kernel

Streptococcus

-cyst

Greek

pouch, sac

trichocyst

-dactyl

Greek

finger

pentadactyl

-derm, -dermis

Greek

skin, layer

epidermis

-elle, -ule, -la, -le, -let, -ole

Latin

small, diminutive endings

globule, piglet

-emia

Greek

blood disease

anemia

-fer

Latin

bearer, producer, carry

conifer, transfer

-gamous, -gamy

Greek

marriage, sexual fusion

polygamy

-gen, -geny

Greek

origin, production

progeny, hydrogen

-genesis

Latin

origin, development of

embryogenesis

-gony

Latin

something produced

cosmogeny

-graph

Greek

drawing, writing

chromatograph

-hedral, -hedron

Greek

side

polyhedral

-hydrate

Greek

compound of water with another substance

carbohydrate

-ism

Greek

act, practice or result of

terrorism

-ite

Latin

a division or part

somite

-itis

Greek

inflammation or infection

appendicitis

-jugal, -jugate

Latin

to yoke, join together

conjugate

-logy

Greek logos

science or study of

biology

-lysis, -lytic

Greek

loosening, separation, splitting into smaller units

photolysis

-mer, -merous

Greek meros

a part, piece

polymer

-meter

Greek metron

a measurement

diameter

-morph

Greek

form

endomorph

-mycin

Greek

derived from a fungus

aureomycin

-nomy

Greek

systematized knowledge of

astronomy

-oma

Greek

tumorous

carcinoma

-osis, -otic

Greek

abnormal condition, disease

neurosis

-phage

Greek

eater

bacteriophage

-phase

Greek

a stage or condition

metaphase

-phor, -phore

Greek

bearing, carrying, supporting

sporangiophore

-phyll

Greek

leaf

chorophyll

-phyta, -phyte

Greek

plant

epiphyte

-plasm

Greek

formative substance

cytoplasm

-plast

Greek

organized particle, granule

choroplast

-pod, -poda

Greek

foot

arthropod

-some

Greek

body

chromosome

-stasis

Greek

a stationary position

homeostasis

-stat, -static

Greek

stationary, still

thermostat

-stomy

Greek

opening into

colostomy

-therm

Greek

heat

homoeotherm

-thes, -thesis

Greek

arrangement, in order

hypothesis

-tom, -tomy

Greek

dividing, surgery

lobotomy

-trope, -tropic

Greek

turning

phototropic

-vor, -vore

Latin vorare

feeding

carnivore

-zoa,-zoan,-zoic

Greek

animal, life

protozoa

You may also be interested in Douglas Harper’s Online Etymology Dictionary, which provides ‘explanations of what our words meant and how they sounded 600 or 2,000 years ago’ at https://www.etymonline.com/

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This is a Resources Box from the 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi: © David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P. J. Trinci 2019